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[Submitted on 3 Oct 2026] Title:SWAP: Stepwise Action Policy Routing for Vision-Language-Action Models View a PDF of the paper titled SWAP: Stepwise Action Policy Routing for Vision-Language-Action Models, by Mousumi Das and 3 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Robot manipulation systems using Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model backbones typically use just one VLA for task execution. However, individual VLAs do not perform well across different task states and environments. We introduce a framework for dynamically composing multiple VLA policies during execution: StepWise Action Policy Routing (SWAP). SWAP formulates policy routing as an offline reinforcement learning problem, learning a routing critic that selects the most appropriate policy at each decision step given the current observation. SWAP enables robots to select new policies to execute online rather than committing to a single policy for the duration of an episode. We evaluate SWAP on both real-world DROID manipulation tasks and LIBERO simulation experiments. SWAP improves over fixed-policy execution and routing baselines, giving absolute improvements in real-world task success up to 33% while reducing successful trajectory robot action step length by 28.3%. Comments: 9 pages , 4 figures,Under review for ICRA 2027 Subjects: Robotics (cs.RO) Cite as: arXiv:2610.06926 [cs.RO] (or arXiv:2610.06926v1 [cs.RO] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.06926 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Aditeya Prajapati [view email] [v1] Sat, 3 Oct 2026 00:12:20 UTC (1,355 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled SWAP: Stepwise Action Policy Routing for Vision-Language-Action Models, by Mousumi Das and 3 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.RO new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)