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[Submitted on 14 Jul 2026] Title:Register Bias in Complexity-Based Large Language Model Routing View a PDF of the paper titled Register Bias in Complexity-Based Large Language Model Routing, by Simran Koul View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Large language model services increasingly route each query to one of several models of differing capability, using a cheap estimate of query complexity to send easy queries to small models and hard queries to large ones. I show that this routing step is not register neutral: text written in a non-standard English register, African American English or the English of second-language writers, is systematically assigned a lower-capacity tier than a meaning-equivalent standard-English version of the same query. The effect is driven by a specific, common routing signal, input length, because non-standard registers omit function words and thus look shorter and therefore simpler; other complexity signals do not carry it. I demonstrate the disparity on 37,704 authentic learner sentence pairs and on a controlled parallel corpus. I then measure the quality consequence on a device, edge, and cloud model ladder and find that the harm is driven by pervasive model bias, every tier, including a frontier cloud model, answers non-standard-register queries significantly less accurately, while the marginal quality cost of the routing decision itself is not significant on this benchmark. Complexity-based routing thus compounds the exposure of the users that the models already serve worst. Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures. Code: this https URL Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY) ACM classes: I.2.7; K.4.1 Cite as: arXiv:2609.17542 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2609.17542v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.17542 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Simran Koul [view email] [v1] Tue, 14 Jul 2026 19:55:46 UTC (29 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Register Bias in Complexity-Based Large Language Model Routing, by Simran Koul View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.CY References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)