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--> [Submitted on 5 Aug 2026] Title:Automatic or Controlled? Repetition Priming Reveals Divergent Processing in Base LLMs, Instruct LLMs, and Humans View a PDF of the paper titled Automatic or Controlled? Repetition Priming Reveals Divergent Processing in Base LLMs, Instruct LLMs, and Humans, by Jinglei Ren and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Words recur constantly in natural language use, yet it remains unclear whether language models reactivate prior representations or re-evaluate repeated words afresh, and whether post-training changes this default behavior. We apply repetition priming (Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977) to 15 models across five model families (1.5B-14B parameters) in two tasks, semantic categorization and cloze completion, with matched human experiments using identical stimuli. We find that base models exhibit automatic processing: they show immediate facilitation that remains stable across lags, partially survives context removal, and correlates with attention to prior occurrences. Instruct models exhibit controlled processing: their facilitation decays with lag, collapses without expected context, and reverses to interference at larger scales. Within the Qwen 2.5 family, this dissociation increases monotonically with model scale, suggesting that post-training progressively alters repetition processing. Humans show a hybrid profile, with lag-sensitive facilitation resembling instruct models but without interference, suggesting that neither model type fully captures human cognition. Our findings reveal a qualitative shift in how language models process repeated information after post-training and provide mechanistic evidence for the divergence between model behaviors. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2608.14681 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2608.14681v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.14681 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Jinglei Ren [view email] [v1] Wed, 5 Aug 2026 00:52:03 UTC (136 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Automatic or Controlled? Repetition Priming Reveals Divergent Processing in Base LLMs, Instruct LLMs, and Humans, by Jinglei Ren and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-08 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)