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Luz is a C++20 Path Tracer developed from scratch with zero third-party dependencies.

It supports Monte Carlo path tracing, global illumination, BVH acceleration, adaptive sampling, denoising, atmospheric scattering, custom scene files, and a Blender-to-Luz exporter.

Features

Monte Carlo path tracing

Global illumination

Multithreaded CPU rendering

Adaptive sampling

Denoiser (NFOR-style)

Spheres, planes, rectangles, triangles, cubes, volumes, and OBJ meshes

Lambertian, metal, dielectric, emissive, and isotropic materials

Area, point, sphere and directional lights

Custom .luz scene files

.blend to .luz converter

Fully customizable render parameters via CLI or scene file

Importance sampling with PDFs

BVH acceleration, including packed mesh BVHs with binned SAH construction and near-first traversal

Atmospheric simulation w/ scattering

Depth of field, antialiasing, exposure, contrast, tone mapping, gamma correction, and bloom

BMP and TIFF output

Deterministic benchmark harness with render, denoise, post-process, and score breakdowns

Requirements

C++20 compiler

Make or CMake 3.16+

Python 3, only for optional tools/scripts

Quick Start

Build with the Makefile:

make

Render a bundled example scene:

./Luz --file examples/scenes/blender_monkey.luz --samples 50 --resolution 300x300

The default output is render.bmp. Scene files can set outputfilename=..., and the CLI can override common render settings.

Run the test suite:

make test

Benchmarking

Luz includes deterministic benchmarks for render, denoise, post-process, and overall score comparisons.

make benchmark BENCH_CPUS=1 BENCH_THREADS=1 > before.csv make benchmark BENCH_CPUS=1 BENCH_THREADS=1 > after.csv make benchmark-compare BEFORE=before.csv AFTER=after.csv

For details, see docs/benchmarks.md.

CMake

A CMake build is also available:

cmake -S . -B build cmake --build build ctest --test-dir build

Platform Support

Supported platforms:

macOS

Linux

Windows

On macOS and Linux, the Makefile is the primary path. On Windows, use CMake with MSVC or the MinGW-based Makefile target:

make windows

WSL is also supported as a Linux build environment.

Build Optimizations

Release builds are tuned for the machine doing the build by default. The Makefile enables -O3, native CPU tuning with -march=native, and link-time optimization with -flto. It also enables a fast floating-point mode where the compiler/platform supports it. CMake uses the same release intent: -O3, native CPU tuning, and interprocedural optimization/LTO when supported.

These defaults produce faster local renders, but binaries built with -march=native may not run on older or different CPUs, and LTO can expose toolchain-specific linker issues. If you hit an illegal-instruction crash, linker error, or need a more portable binary, disable the aggressive options and rebuild from clean objects:

make clean make NATIVE=0 LTO=0

For CMake builds, configure with the optimization toggles off:

cmake -S . -B build -DLUZ_NATIVE_OPTIMIZATIONS=OFF -DLUZ_ENABLE_LTO=OFF cmake --build build --clean-first

CLI

Usage: ./Luz [options]

-f, --file PATH Load a .luz scene file -r, --resolution WxH Override render resolution -s, --samples N Override samples per pixel --adaptive [true|false] Enable adaptive per-pixel sampling --no-adaptive Disable adaptive sampling --adaptive-min-samples N Minimum samples before adaptive stopping --adaptive-threshold F Relative adaptive noise threshold --adaptive-check-interval N Adaptive convergence check interval -mlb, --maxLightBounces N Override maximum light bounces --max-light-bounces N Alias for --maxLightBounces -t, --threads N Render with N worker threads --seed N Seed random sampling --gamma true|false Toggle gamma correction -tm, --tonemapping true|false Toggle tone mapping --bloom true|false Toggle bloom --exposure EV Exposure compensation in stops --contrast F Display contrast multiplier --denoise [true|false] Write a denoised companion render --no-denoise Disable denoising -o, --output PATH Override render output path --denoise-output PATH Override denoised output path --render-times Write renderTime.bmp --benchmark Run the built-in benchmark scene --benchmark-case NAME Benchmark case: default, many-objects, mesh-bvh, diffuse, postprocess, atmosphere, lights, emissive-geometry, primitives-materials, volumes, obj-mesh

Adaptive Sampling

--adaptive treats --samples as the maximum samples per pixel. Each pixel uses a progressive per-pixel sample sequence, renders at least --adaptive-min-samples, then periodically checks luminance and RGB confidence intervals. Very dark pixels use a conservative minimum before they can stop, so rare light contributions are less likely to be mistaken for converged black.

Lower thresholds keep more detail and cost more time. For final renders, start with a high max sample count and tune with values like:

./Luz --file exports/stormtroopers.luz --samples 4096 --adaptive --adaptive-min-samples 512 --adaptive-check-interval 64 --adaptive-threshold 0.005 --denoise

Denoising

--denoise enables Luz's NFOR-style feature-buffer denoiser and writes a separate companion image. By default, render.bmp becomes render_denoised.bmp; use --denoise-output PATH to choose the exact path.

The denoiser has no hard minimum resolution or sample count, but it needs enough signal to estimate useful color and feature statistics. One sample per pixel is mainly a stress test: there is no per-pixel variance estimate, so the denoised image can look almost unchanged or can smooth the wrong details. Use at least a few samples per pixel for previews, and prefer roughly 16+ samples per pixel when judging denoiser quality. Very low resolutions also make evaluation misleading because each local filter window covers too much of the image.

Scene Files

Example scenes live in examples/scenes/. Mesh assets live in assets/objects/. The scene-file format is documented in docs/scene-files.md.

Object paths in .luz files are resolved relative to the scene file first, then relative to the current working directory, then under assets/objects/. This means examples/scenes/blender_monkey.luz can reference ../../assets/objects/blender_monkey.obj and still run from the repository root.

OBJ meshes can also be offset and assigned a scene material:

obj=mesh.obj,(x,y,z),material[ metal=(0.8,0.8,0.8),0.1 ]

Blender Exporter

Blender scenes can be exported through Blender's Python API:

"/Applications/Blender.app/Contents/MacOS/Blender" -b scene.blend --python tools/blender_export_luz.py -- --output exports/scene.luz ./Luz --file exports/scene.luz --threads 8

The exporter writes a .luz file plus OBJ meshes. Usage and current fidelity limits are documented in docs/blender-exporter.md.

Repository Layout

include/luz/ Public headers src/core/ Math, geometry, materials, image, and sampling code src/renderer/ Rendering implementation src/scene/ Scene model and scene helpers src/io/ Scene-file, OBJ, BMP, and TIFF loading/writing src/cli/ Command-line entry point and flags examples/scenes/ Example .luz scene files assets/objects/ OBJ assets used by examples docs/images/ Compressed showcase images tools/ Export and utility scripts tests/ Standard-library-only test program docker/ Benchmark container

Showcase

Personal Note

Special thanks to the Ray Tracing in One Weekend book series. It was a great source of inspiration and information during a big part of the development of Luz, specially since those were times before AI.

Attribution

Stormtrooper Scene by @ScottGraham on BlendSwap.

Bust Statue by @geoffreymarchal on BlendSwap.

License

MIT. See LICENSE.

About

C++ Path Tracer from scratch with zero third-party libraries.

Topics

cpp

rendering

monte-carlo

global-illumination

computer-graphics

path-tracer

ray-tracer

renderer

bvh

rendering-engine

no-dependencies

from-scratch

ray-tracing

graphics-rendering

path-tracing

physically-based-rendering

denoising

cpp20

adaptive-sampling

zero-dependencies

Resources

Readme

License

MIT license

Contributing

Contributing

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