[Submitted on 3 Nov 2026]
Title:Matched but Not Better: An Equivalence-Tested Benchmark of Quantum Machine Learning on Six Clinical Datasets and the QML-Health-READY Reporting Framework
View a PDF of the paper titled Matched but Not Better: An Equivalence-Tested Benchmark of Quantum Machine Learning on Six Clinical Datasets and the QML-Health-READY Reporting Framework, by Mohammed Siraj B and 2 other authors
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Abstract:Background: Quantum machine learning (QML) is promoted for clinical prediction, but comparisons with classical models are rarely paired or tested for equivalence. Methods: We compared a quantum-kernel support vector machine (QSVM; 4 qubits, tuned bandwidth) and a variational quantum classifier (VQC) with five tuned classical models across six public clinical datasets. All models used identical four-component inputs and 25 cross-validation splits. Paired AUROC differences were assessed using a corrected resampled t-test, Holm-adjusted equivalence tests (margins: +/-0.02 and +/-0.05), and random-effects pooling. Ablation, noise, finite-shot, and implementation-fault analyses were conducted. We propose QML-Health-READY, an eight-domain reporting framework. Results: Neither quantum model significantly outperformed any classical comparator. Pooled across datasets, QSVM differed from the kernel-matched radial basis function (RBF) SVM by -0.006 AUROC (95% CI: -0.017 to +0.004), equivalent to +/-0.02. VQC differed from the best classical model by -0.007 (95% CI: -0.019 to +0.004). QSVM was equivalent to RBF SVM within +/-0.05 in four of six datasets but was significantly worse than the best classical model on NHANES 2017-18 (-0.076). A classically trivial product-state kernel performed as well as the entangling kernel. With depolarizing noise (p = 0.01) and 1,024 shots per kernel entry, QSVM AUROC decreased by 0.054 (95% CI: 0.036 to 0.071). Untuned bandwidth produced near-chance AUROC (0.48-0.59). Conclusions: Correctly configured quantum classifiers approached but did not exceed tuned classical models. Finite-shot estimation, rather than gate noise, was their main practical cost, while configuration errors could reverse conclusions. QML-Health-READY defines reporting requirements for credible claims.
Subjects:
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2611.05442 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2611.05442v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2611.05442
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
Submission history
From: Gousia Habib [view email] [v1] Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:01:24 UTC (886 KB)
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