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$\mathcal{C}^\infty$ Smooth Trajectory Planning with Application to Soft Robots

Summary

This paper introduces a $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-smooth trajectory generator that produces infinitely differentiable trajectories while respecting kinematic limits, suitable for soft continuum robots with high smoothness requirements.

SourcearXiv RoboticsAuthor: Reinhard M. Grassmann, Abdulaziz Y. Alkayas, Lingyun Chen, Sami Haddadin
$\mathcal{C}^\infty$ Smooth Trajectory Planning with Application to Soft Robots
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[Submitted on 3 Nov 2026]

Title:$\mathcal{C}^\infty$ Smooth Trajectory Planning with Application to Soft Robots

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Abstract:High motion performance and avoiding structural vibrations rely on smooth trajectory planning. The smoothness requirement depends on the robot's complexity in terms of the number of degrees of freedom and system order due to the flexibility of the joints and links. For industrial robots, the smoothness requirements have been determined and subsequently taken into account. Although unknown for soft continuum robots, the exact smoothness requirement can potentially be much larger than previously considered ones such as $\mathbf{\mathcal{C}^4}$ for collaborative robots and $\mathbf{\mathcal{C}^5}$ for quadcopter drones. To address this gap, we introduce a $\mathbf{\mathcal{C}^\infty}$-smooth trajectory generator that respects defined kinematic limits and generates infinitely differentiable trajectories. The generated path addresses and generalizes to all smoothness requirements, where a transition between sequential states is needed. Therefore, all trajectories have continuous velocity, acceleration, jerk, snap, crackle, pop, etc. Of particular interest is the case of null boundary conditions, i.e., all derivatives at the start and end of the trajectory are equal to zero. We verified and evaluated our proposed approach in simulations and on hardware.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures

Subjects:

Robotics (cs.RO)

Cite as: arXiv:2611.05615 [cs.RO]

(or arXiv:2611.05615v1 [cs.RO] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2611.05615

arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Reinhard Grassmann [view email] [v1] Tue, 3 Nov 2026 20:59:09 UTC (7,084 KB)

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Key points

  • Proposes a $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-smooth trajectory generation method that generalizes to arbitrary smoothness requirements.
  • Generated trajectories have continuous velocity, acceleration, jerk, snap, and higher-order derivatives.
  • Addresses null boundary conditions where all derivatives at start and end are zero.
  • Validated through simulations and hardware experiments.

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