[Submitted on 26 Oct 2026]
Title:Beyond IceBERT: Open-Data ModernBERT Encoders for Icelandic from 12M to 1B Parameters
View a PDF of the paper titled Beyond IceBERT: Open-Data ModernBERT Encoders for Icelandic from 12M to 1B Parameters, by Hafsteinn Einarsson
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Abstract:IceBERT, the reference encoder for Icelandic, found that a cleaned web crawl is enough to train a strong model and that starting from a multilingual model can help on some tasks. We revisit both findings with the ModernBERT architecture. We train Icelandic encoders from 12M to 1B parameters on 9B tokens of open data, and rerun IceBERT's benchmarks and five newer tasks for 30 encoders under one protocol with confidence intervals. Our 1B model trained from scratch, to our knowledge the first monolingual Icelandic encoder of that size, is significantly better than IceBERT on all eleven tasks; warm-started from the English Ettin encoder of the same shape, it has the best score of all encoders on every task we rank. Because our model shapes match the English Ettin encoders and the multilingual mmBERT, we can also test the warm start under controlled conditions, at six model sizes and four token budgets. With our vocabulary transplanted, a warm start was never significantly worse than scratch training on the same Icelandic text, and from base size up it was not significantly worse on four tasks than scratch training on 4 times the text (8 times at base and 1B). As models grow, most of the transfer comes from the source model's transformer layers, so even an English source helps. Keeping the source vocabulary instead cost 5 F1 on question answering and nearly three times the compute.
Comments: 20 pages, 1 figure, 11 tables. Models: this https URL
Subjects:
Computation and Language (cs.CL)
Cite as: arXiv:2610.36230 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2610.36230v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.36230
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Hafsteinn Einarsson [view email] [v1] Mon, 26 Oct 2026 20:09:10 UTC (81 KB)
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