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A Data Fusion Framework for Grounding Aerospace Surrogate Model via Experimental Wind-Tunnel Observations

Summary

This paper presents a data fusion correction framework that adapts a CFD-trained deep learning surrogate using pressure-sensitive paint wind-tunnel measurements without retraining the underlying model. Applied to the NASA CRM wing-body configuration, it learns systematic CFD-to-experiment discrepancies and substantially improves agreement with PSP data at Mach 0.85, including the suction peak, shock location, and pressure recovery. The corrected surrogate stays within 2.3–2.7% of the measured Cp range on held-out angles of attack and outperforms direct interpolation between measured conditions.

SourcearXiv Machine LearningAuthor: Nitin Nagesh Kulkarni, Dheeraj Vemula, Yin Yu, Peter Lyu, Juan J. Alonso
A Data Fusion Framework for Grounding Aerospace Surrogate Model via Experimental Wind-Tunnel Observations
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[Submitted on 2 Sep 2026]

Title:A Data Fusion Framework for Grounding Aerospace Surrogate Model via Experimental Wind-Tunnel Observations

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Abstract:Aerodynamic surrogate models trained on high-fidelity CFD data reproduce numerical predictions of both scalar outputs and entire fields accurately, yet their predictive fidelity is limited by systematic discrepancies between CFD and experimental observations. We present an experimentally grounded correction framework that adapts a CFD-trained deep learning surrogate using wind-tunnel PSP measurements. A Geotransolver surrogate trained on 2,300 high-fidelity CFD simulations of the NASA CRM wing-body configuration, spanning geometric variation, Mach 0.70-0.85, and angles of attack 0 to 4 degrees, reproduces the CFD integrated aerodynamic forces and pitching moment to R2 > 0.99 but does not match the experimental data. To incorporate experimental information without retraining the surrogate, a correction network is trained on spatially registered PSP measurements at two freestream Mach numbers (0.70 and 0.85) across the same angle-of-attack range, learning the discrepancy between the surrogate-predicted and experimentally measured surface-pressure distributions. At Mach 0.85 the correction substantially improves agreement with PSP, particularly at the wing suction peak, shock location, and subsequent pressure recovery, reducing both the magnitude of the prediction error and the fraction of wetted surface on which it exceeds 0.05 in Cp, and it does so from a limited experimental dataset without modifying the pretrained surrogate parameters. On held-out angles of attack the grounded surrogate agrees with measurement to within 2.3-2.7% of the measured Cp range, and outperforms direct interpolation between the measured conditions at every state tested. Experimental measurements can therefore ground a large-scale simulation-trained surrogate by learning systematic CFD-to-experiment discrepancies while preserving its generalization capability and computational efficiency.

Subjects:

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

Cite as: arXiv:2609.04267 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2609.04267v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.04267

arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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From: Nitin Nagesh Kulkarni [view email] [v1] Wed, 2 Sep 2026 18:52:50 UTC (2,931 KB)

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Key points and analysis

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Key points

  • A Geotransolver surrogate trained on 2,300 high-fidelity CFD cases reproduces integrated forces with R2 > 0.99 but does not match wind-tunnel experiments.
  • A correction network learns systematic CFD-to-experiment surface-pressure differences from spatially registered PSP data while keeping pretrained surrogate parameters fixed.
  • At Mach 0.85, the correction markedly improves suction-peak, shock-location, and pressure-recovery predictions, reducing error magnitude and the surface fraction with errors above 0.05 in Cp.
  • On held-out angles of attack, the grounded surrogate agrees with measurements within 2.3–2.7% of the measured Cp range and outperforms direct interpolation.

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