[Submitted on 27 Oct 2026]
Title:ThinkJev: One Thought, Every Budget for Calibrated Typed Decisions
View a PDF of the paper titled ThinkJev: One Thought, Every Budget for Calibrated Typed Decisions, by Xiaolu Ding and 2 other authors
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Abstract:Many uses of language models end in a typed decision: a choice among a closed set of options, whose probabilities code can act on. Reading those probabilities from one forward pass is fast but often wrong on decisions that take several steps, such as arithmetic, counting, and date comparison. Letting the model think first fixes most of these errors, but costs seconds per decision instead of milliseconds. To pay for thinking only where it helps, ThinkJev builds a fast and a slow system from one open hybrid-thinking model that can answer directly or after a thought. System 1 reads the model's probabilities for the option letters when it answers directly; System 2 reads the same letters after the model has thought on the same cached prompt, so escalating repeats no work and both systems give probabilities over the same options. Because the letters can be read after any number of thought tokens, one sampled thought also gives the answer under every thinking budget. Without training, ThinkJev lets System 1 answer alone only where a statistical test on labeled dev data guarantees that its accepted answers stay under a target error rate. At a 5% target, Qwen3.5-27B answers 24.5% of 8359 test decisions this way with a realized error of 3.9% (Qwen3.5-4B and 9B: 6.5% and 0.0%). For the rest, stopping each thought as soon as its answer is confident reaches 81.6% accuracy, against 82.7% for always thinking, with 72% of the thought tokens. Choosing when to think from System 1's confidence alone saves less, because the decisions System 1 is least sure of are often not the ones thinking fixes. On the public items of JevBench, an independent benchmark of typed-decision services, Qwen3.5-27B thinks on 29.4% and is not distinguishable in accuracy from the two thinking APIs listed (exploratory). Code and data generators are available at this https URL.
Comments: 31 pages, 7 figures, 10 tables
Subjects:
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2610.37732 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2610.37732v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.37732
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Xiaolu Ding [view email] [v1] Tue, 27 Oct 2026 12:53:04 UTC (612 KB)
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