[Submitted on 18 Sep 2026]
Title:Replication Without Persistence in Hosted LLMs: Measurement Sensitivity in Action-Time Belief Evaluation
View a PDF of the paper titled Replication Without Persistence in Hosted LLMs: Measurement Sensitivity in Action-Time Belief Evaluation, by Bhushan Kashinath Joshi
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Abstract:Behavioural evaluations of hosted language models can vary because the evaluated service, the measurement instrument, or both differ across runs. We separate three validation questions: whether a prior finding recurs on fresh data under its historical configuration (replication), whether the endpoint changes when the evaluation-and-inference configuration is rebuilt under the same identifier (measurement sensitivity), and whether the finding persists across subsequently tested identifiers under one common instrument (persistence). We study these questions in Regent Chess, a sequential environment in which a hidden, mutable state is recorded exactly, allowing stated beliefs to be scored against ground truth at action time; positive endpoint values mean worse performance than a matched-uniform comparator. The previously reported Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite deficit recurs on fresh games under its historical configuration (+0.0530, 95% CI [+0.0329,+0.0714]). In a back-to-back same-day H/R comparison under the same public identifier, the model-minus-uniform endpoint is 0.0429 lower under the rebuilt configuration (95% CI for the H-minus-R contrast [+0.0182,+0.0667]); all six configuration components vary jointly, so no component is isolated. Under rebuilt R, the prospectively frozen, interleaved same-window 4K comparison reverses sign between Gemini 3.1 and Gemini 3.7, identifiers that differ in release and product tier; additional descriptive and exploratory cells show the same directional pattern. Any additional serving-period contribution remains unresolved (-0.0166, [-0.0483,+0.0157]). Replication, measurement sensitivity, and persistence can therefore yield different conclusions within one evaluation, motivating explicit indexing of hosted-model behavioural claims by tested identifier, serving period, measurement instrument, and inference configuration.
Subjects:
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2609.22478 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2609.22478v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.22478
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Bhushan Kashinath Joshi [view email] [v1] Fri, 18 Sep 2026 18:42:03 UTC (158 KB)
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