Multi-modal Rail Crossing Safety Analysis

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[Submitted on 1 Jul 2026]

Title:Multi-modal Rail Crossing Safety Analysis

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Abstract:Given one or more images of a railway crossing, can we leverage visual cues that allow us to robustly estimate how safe it is? Can we improve our ability to do so by introducing structured data (such as official accident reports) about the accident history of that crossing into our models? In this work, we explore how to best answer those questions towards building an AI system that can ingest multi-modal data for railway crossings and provide safety assessment and scores that align with expert opinion and with safety scoring used by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). To that end, we propose a proof-of-concept pipeline that delivers on that goal, while at the same time exploring and tackling a number of critical research challenges that pertain to different parts of the pipeline, from data preparation to different learning paradigms that can allow us to realize such a system. Indicatively, our proposed system identifies HIGH-RISK and LOW-RISK crossings with a macro F1 score of 0.757 and estimates FRA-based safety scores with an RMSE of 0.078 and correlation of 0.492 using a routed fine-tuned compact VLM pipeline, while producing qualitative results that align with domain-expert assessment.

Subjects:

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)

Cite as: arXiv:2607.01365 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2607.01365v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.01365

arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Nícolas Roque Dos Santos [view email] [v1] Wed, 1 Jul 2026 18:26:57 UTC (13,710 KB)

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