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[Submitted on 8 Oct 2026] Title:Know What You Don't Know: Agentic Data Synthesis by Evolving Generation Space for Closed-Loop Learning View a PDF of the paper titled Know What You Don't Know: Agentic Data Synthesis by Evolving Generation Space for Closed-Loop Learning, by Wei Yang and 6 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:The continued improvement of large language models increasingly depends on synthetic experience, yet effective data synthesis for interactive agents requires not only executable and verifiable trajectories, but also interactions that provide learning value for the current task agent. Existing methods increasingly incorporate environment feedback, data validation, or learner failures, but still face a feedback-to-decision gap: observed weaknesses do not directly specify how future synthesis should change, or whether they can be represented by the current synthesis space. To address this gap, we propose EvoSyn, a learning-feedback-driven multi-agent framework that organizes synthesis around a revisable state specifying what interaction factors can be deliberately generated and where synthesis effort should be allocated. A role-specialized multi-agent system translates learner feedback into synthesis revisions, while a Designer allocates synthesis directions and a Planner grounds them into executable experience. This process enables within-space adaptation toward weak or under-covered regions and synthesis-space expansion that promotes newly discovered factors into explicit generation controls. Experiments on $\tau^2$-Bench and CAR-Bench show that EvoSyn improves average task success by 13.3 points over the strongest synthesis baseline, while producing higher-quality and structurally broader synthetic experience and discovering controllable factors missed without learner feedback. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) Cite as: arXiv:2610.12593 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2610.12593v1 [cs.AI] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.12593 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Wei Yang [view email] [v1] Thu, 8 Oct 2026 18:17:20 UTC (5,980 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Know What You Don't Know: Agentic Data Synthesis by Evolving Generation Space for Closed-Loop Learning, by Wei Yang and 6 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.AI new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.MA References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)