[Submitted on 18 Sep 2026]
Title:HeadGuard: Selective Head Protection for Low-Bit VLM KV-Cache Quantization
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Abstract:Low-bit key-value (KV) cache quantization saves storage but can sharply degrade vision-language model (VLM) accuracy. We introduce HeadGuard, a composable head-protection method that augments a base KV-cache quantizer with a fixed high-precision mask. Image-sensitivity and output-sensitivity scores select physical KV heads offline, with approximately 1/8 protected in the main experiments; their image keys and optionally values remain in bfloat16 (BF16), while the base quantizes unprotected image entries. Across eight VLMs, three base quantizers, and eight benchmarks (six discriminative and two generative), HeadGuard recovers a substantial fraction of lost accuracy on weaker quantizers, with the strongest gains for Qwen and InternVL. At 2 bits, the six-task discriminative mean over eight models rises from 0.436 to 0.580 on the weakest base; protection can also improve generated answers and caption fidelity to BF16 outputs. Mean accuracy gains persist across all three quantizers with both tested calibration datasets. Keys-only protection retains substantial recovery at lower modeled storage cost. Evaluated through simulated quantization, HeadGuard offers a composable way to improve low-bit VLM accuracy without replacing the underlying quantizer.
Subjects:
Machine Learning (cs.LG); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
Cite as: arXiv:2609.35800 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2609.35800v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.35800
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
Submission history
From: Nenad Banfic [view email] [v1] Fri, 18 Sep 2026 01:14:32 UTC (341 KB)
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Ancillary files (details):
MANIFEST.json
README.md
bootstrap_intervals.py
build_archive.py
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/Hkv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/Hq.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/L.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/g.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/g_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/hyb_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qA.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qA_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qS.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qS_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qf.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qf_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qfi.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qm.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/mmbench/qm_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/Hkv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/Hq.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/L.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/g.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/g_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/hyb_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qA.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qA_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qS.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qS_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qf.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qf_kv.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qfi.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qm.npy
calibration/budget_sweep/bits_2-3-4/pope/qm_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/Hkv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/Hq.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/L.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/g.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/g_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/hyb_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qA.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qA_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qS.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qS_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qf.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qf_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qfi.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qm.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_2/pope/qm_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/Hkv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/Hq.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/L.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/g.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/g_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/hyb_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qA.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qA_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qS.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qS_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qf.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qf_kv.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qfi.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qm.npy
calibration/full_kv/bits_3/pope/qm_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/Hkv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/Hq.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/L.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/g.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/g_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/hyb_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qA.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qA_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qS.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qS_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qf.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qf_kv.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qfi.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qm.npy
calibration/keys_only/bits_2/pope/qm_kv.npy
compare_calibration.py
evaluate.py
experiments.json
memory_estimates.py
plot_budget.py
reference/budget_sweep_mmbench.json
reference/budget_sweep_pope.json
reference/confidence_intervals.json
reference/full_kv.json
reference/keys_only.json
render_capped_tables.py
requirements-analysis.txt
requirements.txt
results_io.py
run_budget_sweep.py
run_full_kv.py
run_grid.py
run_keys_only.py
summarize_results.py
test_calibration_comparison.py
test_numerics.py
test_release.py
(96 additional files not shown)
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