[Submitted on 14 Sep 2026]
Title:GPEvac: GNN-Based PPO for Adaptive Evacuation Routing During Shooting Events
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Abstract:The sharp increase in mass shootings underscores an urgent need for systems that guide victims to safety in real time. An effective evacuation system must minimize threat exposure while also accounting for adversarial uncertainty and crowding dynamics. Current methods in the literature are rigidly constrained to layout-specific policies and computationally intractable in large-scale layouts, while practical guidelines simply advise victims to "run", "hide", or "fight". We propose GPEvac: a GNN-based PPO framework that computes adaptive evacuation routes during shooting events. To capture both local and long-distance dependencies, we introduce an edge-first sequential message-passing scheme with a learnable virtual global node. The resulting graph embeddings are integrated into a permutation-invariant scoring mechanism that allows a single learned policy to operate across building layouts of diverse topologies and sizes. Through extensive simulation, we show that GPEvac outperforms intelligent baselines across distinct architectural layouts, significantly reducing total threat exposure. Crucially, the system computes global evacuation routes in just 14.73 ms on local CPU hardware, enabling seamless integration with live surveillance systems. In addition to saving lives during shooting events, the methodologies developed are transferable to other graph-structured decision-making domains, including critical infrastructure, intelligent transportation systems, and adaptive sensor networks.
Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables
Subjects:
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA); Systems and Control (eess.SY)
MSC classes: 68T42, 68T05, 68R10, 90B20
ACM classes: I.2.8; G.2.2; I.2.11; I.6.3
Cite as: arXiv:2609.16163 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2609.16163v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.16163
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Daniel Perkins [view email] [v1] Mon, 14 Sep 2026 18:04:40 UTC (2,645 KB)
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