FIRSTPASS: A Multi-Domain, Multi-Round Peer Review Dataset Grounded in Real Editorial Outcomes
arXiv:2608.26129v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scientific peer review datasets have trained AI systems exclusively on Computer Science and Machine Learning venues, producing models that critique ablation studies yet have never seen a biology reviewer demand contamination controls or a chemist question Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectral assignments. We introduce FIRSTPASS, the first large-scale peer review dataset built on complete multi-round editorial dialogues from a multidisciplinary high-impact journal. Curated from Nature Communications mandatory transparent peer review (instituted November 2022), FIRSTPASS comprises 3,668 records spanning five scientific domains (biology, chemistry, neuroscience, physics, and earth science), capturing the full iterative structure of scientific validation: initial referee reports, author point-by-point responses, and updated reviewer assessments. Each record carries an outcome label derived directly from editorial decisions (STANDARD for two-round review; EXTENDED for three or more rounds), providing ground truth absent in all prior corpora. An automated audit confirms 100% content integrity. Expert reviews average 2,155 words, substantially denser than conference venue reviews. All data, parsing pipelines, and evaluation scripts are released to enable reproducible benchmarking of AI scientific judgment across disciplines.
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[Submitted on 23 Jun 2026]
Title:FIRSTPASS: A Multi-Domain, Multi-Round Peer Review Dataset Grounded in Real Editorial Outcomes
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Abstract:Scientific peer review datasets have trained AI systems exclusively on Computer Science and Machine Learning venues, producing models that critique ablation studies yet have never seen a biology reviewer demand contamination controls or a chemist question Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectral assignments. We introduce FIRSTPASS, the first large-scale peer review dataset built on complete multi-round editorial dialogues from a multidisciplinary high-impact journal. Curated from Nature Communications mandatory transparent peer review (instituted November 2022), FIRSTPASS comprises 3,668 records spanning five scientific domains (biology, chemistry, neuroscience, physics, and earth science), capturing the full iterative structure of scientific validation: initial referee reports, author point-by-point responses, and updated reviewer assessments. Each record carries an outcome label derived directly from editorial decisions (STANDARD for two-round review; EXTENDED for three or more rounds), providing ground truth absent in all prior corpora. An automated audit confirms 100% content integrity. Expert reviews average 2,155 words, substantially denser than conference venue reviews. All data, parsing pipelines, and evaluation scripts are released to enable reproducible benchmarking of AI scientific judgment across disciplines.
Comments: Accepted at the AI for Science Workshop at the 43rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2026), 3 pages, 1 figure, 1 table
Subjects:
Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2608.26129 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2608.26129v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.26129
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
Submission history
From: Prabhjot Singh [view email] [v1] Tue, 23 Jun 2026 02:44:28 UTC (290 KB)
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