AI サービスが一時的に利用できないため、復旧後に翻訳を補完します。
[Submitted on 15 Oct 2026] Title:Embeddings Are Overpriced? A Frozen 16 MB Vocabulary for Small and Ternary Language Models View a PDF of the paper titled Embeddings Are Overpriced? A Frozen 16 MB Vocabulary for Small and Ternary Language Models, by Sai Kiran Bathula View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:In a small language model the vocabulary is the single largest part. In Gemma 3 270M the embedding table holds 168M of 268M parameters, and because quantisation methods leave the embedding in 16-bit, it is also most of the file once the rest of the model is compressed. We ask what that table actually buys. We replace it with one frozen table of 512-bit codes, 16 MB, with no trainable parameters, derived once from a pretrained embedding by principal-component projection and sign binarisation, and we train the same Gemma-shaped body from scratch on the same 2.05B tokens with and without it. The learned table buys 0.20 nats of validation loss for 2.6 times the trainable parameters, but on LAMBADA, HellaSwag and PIQA the frozen-table model is better or tied; only ARC-Easy favours the learned table. With a ternary BitNet b1.58 body the whole model is a 46 MB file, still ties the float model on LAMBADA and PIQA, and on a laptop CPU generates 615 to 740 tokens per second in 62 MB of memory, five to six times the speed of the float model's 8-bit GGUF in this http URL at a seventh of the memory. The frozen table wins by 1.7 to 2.3 nats on rare words, accepts 10,000 new words after training with a 3% cost where the learned table collapses by 43%, and all of it is released with the weights, the data and every evaluation answer. Comments: 9 pages, 2 figures, 6 tables. Code, data, checkpoints and per-question results: this https URL. Preprint DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23382634 Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2610.22428 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.22428v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.22428 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Saikiran Bathula [view email] [v1] Thu, 15 Oct 2026 06:34:18 UTC (80 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Embeddings Are Overpriced? A Frozen 16 MB Vocabulary for Small and Ternary Language Models, by Sai Kiran Bathula View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)