EDEN: A Large-Scale Corpus of Clinical Notes for Italian
EDEN (Emergency Department Electronic Notes) is a new large-scale corpus of approximately 4 million fully anonymized clinical notes from Italian hospital emergency departments. A subset of about 6,000 notes has been manually annotated by clinical experts with 132 items relevant to dyspnea and loss of consciousness. The dataset aims to fill a gap in Italian clinical data to support the development of large language models in medical applications.
[2606.12569] EDEN: A Large-Scale Corpus of Clinical Notes for Italian
[Submitted on 10 Jun 2026]
Title:EDEN: A Large-Scale Corpus of Clinical Notes for Italian
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Abstract:We present EDEN (Emergency Department Electronic Notes), a new and unique large-scale corpus of clinical notes produced in Emergency Departments of Italian hospitals. The corpus, in its current version, is composed of approximately 4 million clinical notes fully anonymized, covering diverse phases of patient care during the stay in the emergency department. In addition, a subset of about six thousand notes has been manually annotated by clinical experts through a structured Case Report Form (CRF) containing 132 items relevant for two patient situations in emergency departments, dyspnea and loss of consciousness. Items may assume numerical values (e.g., for blood saturation), categorical (e.g., for level of consciousness ), binary (e.g., for presence of traumas), and mixed value types. The annotation process involved multiple clinicians and underwent iterative revision to resolve ambiguities in item formulation, resulting in a richly structured (although high imbalanced) resource. The dataset aims to fill a relevant gap of data able to support both the development and the use of Large Language Models in concrete medical applications. We describe the data collection protocol, the on-site anonymisation pipeline, corpus statistics, and the annotation scheme. Finally, we propose CRF-filling as a novel structured information extraction benchmark, and provide zero-shot baseline resulting from Gemma-27B and MedGemma-27B. To the best of our knowledge, the EDEN dataset is the largest freely available corpus of clinical notes existing for the Italian language.
Subjects:
Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
Cite as: arXiv:2606.12569 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2606.12569v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.12569
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Tiziano Labruna [view email] [v1] Wed, 10 Jun 2026 18:21:50 UTC (1,048 KB)
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