Economy of Minds: Emerging Multi-Agent Intelligence with Economic Interactions
Inspired by Hayek's market theory, researchers propose an agent economy where agents compete via auctions, exchange payments, and accumulate wealth. This decentralized system produces emergent multi-step reasoning strategies and outperforms monolithic baselines across five tasks, suggesting a new path to multi-agent intelligence.
[2606.02859] Economy of Minds: Emerging Multi-Agent Intelligence with Economic Interactions
[Submitted on 1 Jun 2026]
Title:Economy of Minds: Emerging Multi-Agent Intelligence with Economic Interactions
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Abstract:How can a population of agents self-orchestrate and self-adapt into stronger collective intelligence without centralized control? Inspired by Friedrich Hayek's economic theory of decentralized coordination in markets, we study this question through an agent economy in which agents compete via auctions for the right to act, exchange payments, and accumulate wealth from environmental rewards. These simple economic signals induce decentralized credit assignment, driving planning without global orchestration or explicit communication protocols. The population evolves through economic selection: effective agents accumulate wealth and are mutated via exploitation, while ineffective ones go bankrupt and are replaced via exploration. We show that, initialized with weak agents, the economy produces emergent multi-step reasoning strategies and outperforms stronger monolithic baselines across five agentic tasks, including mathematical reasoning, financial research, scientific research, accelerator design, and distributed-system optimization. We further provide theoretical insights into how economic dynamics shape agent behaviors, linking local incentives to long-term global performance. Our results suggest a new path to multi-agent intelligence: rather than engineering coordination, we can design decentralized incentive structures under which it automatically emerges.
Subjects:
Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA)
Cite as: arXiv:2606.02859 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2606.02859v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.02859
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
Submission history
From: Zhenting Qi [view email] [v1] Mon, 1 Jun 2026 20:21:09 UTC (559 KB)
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