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Distilled Rapid Embedding Transfer (DRET): Parameter-Efficient Biomedical Domain Adaptation via Priority-Based Embedding Transfer

Summary

This paper introduces Distilled Rapid Embedding Transfer (DRET), a family of strategies that transfers domain knowledge from large biomedical LMs such as BioBERT and ClinicalBERT into a small general-purpose model (DistilBERT) without retraining on specialized corpora. On the EBM-NLP PICO token classification benchmark, DRET-enhanced DistilBERT (66M params) matches or beats models an order of magnitude larger across twelve metrics while preserving efficiency.

SourcearXiv Computational LinguisticsAuthor: Girish Sundaram, Daniel Berleant
Distilled Rapid Embedding Transfer (DRET): Parameter-Efficient Biomedical Domain Adaptation via Priority-Based Embedding Transfer
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[Submitted on 4 Jul 2026]

Title:Distilled Rapid Embedding Transfer (DRET): Parameter-Efficient Biomedical Domain Adaptation via Priority-Based Embedding Transfer

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Abstract:Large domain-specific language models such as BioBERT and ClinicalBERT achieve strong performance on biomedical NLP tasks, but their computational demands make them impractical for many real-world deployments. General-purpose, parameter-efficient models such as DistilBERT are lightweight yet lack the domain knowledge required for specialized tasks such as PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) classification. We introduce Distilled Rapid Embedding Transfer (DRET), a knowledge-transfer paradigm that injects biomedical domain knowledge from large specialized models into a smaller general-purpose model without retraining on the original specialized corpora. DRET is developed as an iterative family of strategies: a unified tokenizer-merge strategy (DRET 1.x), hybrid embedding averaging (DRET 2.0), and a priority-based embedding-transfer mechanism (DRET 3.x) that hierarchically selects embeddings from the most authoritative source models, further combined with embedding-layer freezing, differential learning rates, label propagation, and imbalance-aware loss functions (DRET 4.x). We evaluate DRET on token-level PICO classification using the EBM-NLP corpus under severe class imbalance, across a twelve-metric battery. DRET-enhanced DistilBERT (66M parameters) attains balanced accuracy, recall, and ROC-AUC competitive with, and on several class-wise metrics exceeding, models an order of magnitude larger, while retaining DistilBERT's efficiency. We further show that transfer occurs at the embedding level through cosine-similarity, semantic-shift, and t-SNE analyses. DRET offers a scalable, resource-efficient route to near-domain-expert performance for biomedical text mining, with direct application to automated systematic literature reviews and clinical decision support.

Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables

Subjects:

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

MSC classes: 68T50, 68T07, 68T05

ACM classes: I.2.7; I.2.6; J.3

Cite as: arXiv:2609.02898 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.02898v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.02898

arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Submission history

From: Dr. Girish Sundaram [view email] [v1] Sat, 4 Jul 2026 23:46:07 UTC (757 KB)

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Key points and analysis

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Key points

  • DRET is an iterative paradigm spanning tokenizer merging, hybrid embedding averaging, priority-based embedding transfer, and DRET 4.x additions such as embedding freezing, differential learning rates, label propagation, and imbalance-aware losses.
  • On token-level PICO classification with the severely imbalanced EBM-NLP corpus, DRET-enhanced DistilBERT (66M parameters) is competitive with—and on some class-wise metrics better than—models an order of magnitude larger.
  • Cosine similarity, semantic-shift, and t-SNE analyses confirm that the transfer occurs at the embedding level.
  • The work targets automated systematic reviews and clinical decision support, and was submitted to arXiv on July 4, 2026 as 2609.02898v1.

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