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[Submitted on 2 Oct 2026] Title:Binding-Specific Relearning Savings for Test-Time Continual Learning View a PDF of the paper titled Binding-Specific Relearning Savings for Test-Time Continual Learning, by Zhe Zhou View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:When a fact becomes harder to elicit from a language model, has the model lost it, or has it merely become less accessible? Parameter-updating test-time continual learning agents are usually evaluated by current output accuracy; we ask whether that measurement captures how prior experience shapes later updates. We test whether learning a specific factual binding produces a later relearning advantage beyond familiarity with its entity, answer vocabulary, format, or query slot. In Qwen2.5-1.5B, we compare three matched, counterbalanced histories: LEARNED receives the correct binding, CONTROL receives matched exposure without it, and WRONG receives a competing relation-valid answer in the same slot. After an identical rehearsal-free continual fine-tuning stream, LEARNED reacquires the target faster than CONTROL at a prespecified checkpoint of partial forgetting. WRONG shows no positive advantage over CONTROL, while its comparison with LEARNED provides slot-matched corroboration, subject to possible competitor interference. The advantage remains positive after adjustment for measured pre-relearning behavior. In a secondary descriptive conversion using an unpaired never-seen pool, prior learning reduces the optimizer updates required for restoration by about 18%. Current behavioral accuracy can therefore underestimate the lasting effect of previously acquired experience. Code is available at this https URL Comments: Accepted at the NeurIPS 2026 Workshop on Towards Test-Time Continual Learning Agents (TTCL). 15 pages, 2 figures. Code: this https URL Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2610.22381 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2610.22381v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.22381 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Zhe Zhou [view email] [v1] Fri, 2 Oct 2026 15:47:00 UTC (294 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Binding-Specific Relearning Savings for Test-Time Continual Learning, by Zhe Zhou View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.CL References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)