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Beyond "Made with AI": Visualizing Provenance Density to Mitigate the Transparency Penalty

Summary

This paper introduces Provenance Density, an evidence-visualization interface designed to help users distinguish truthful content from AI-generated fabrication. A user study with 81 participants showed that this interface substantially improves discernment, while a technical audit of 200 samples suggests retrieval density alone is insufficient and the Consistency Veto carries most of the discriminative signal on dynamic queries.

SourcearXiv AIAuthor: Qing Zhang, Yifei Huang, Juyoung Lee, Thad Starner, Jun Rekimoto
Beyond "Made with AI": Visualizing Provenance Density to Mitigate the Transparency Penalty
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[Submitted on 3 Sep 2026]

Title:Beyond "Made with AI": Visualizing Provenance Density to Mitigate the Transparency Penalty

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Abstract:As generative AI makes polished prose cheap to produce, users can no longer rely on fluency as a proxy for truth. We call this failure mode the Fluency Trap: users trust fluent hallucinations while also discounting accurate content once it is disclosed as AI-generated. Binary ``Made with AI'' labels respond with authorship disclosure, but they do not show what supports a claim. We propose Provenance Density, an evidence-visualization interface that shows the density of verified claims in a text. In a user study with 81 participants, an idealized Provenance Density interface produced a large discernment gap between truth and fabrication ($+4.15$ points, $d=1.82$), whereas participants given no signal showed no detectable discrimination. A technical audit with 200 samples shows that retrieval density alone is insufficient; unexpectedly, the Consistency Veto carries most of the discriminative signal on dynamic queries. As AI-generated content becomes indistinguishable from human writing, effective transparency must move from authorship disclosure toward evidence visualization.

Subjects:

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

Cite as: arXiv:2609.03460 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2609.03460v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.03460

arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Qing Zhang [view email] [v1] Thu, 3 Sep 2026 07:18:42 UTC (98 KB)

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Key points and analysis

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Key points

  • Generative AI makes fluent text unreliable as a proxy for truth, creating a 'Fluency Trap.'
  • Binary 'Made with AI' labels disclose authorship but do not show the evidence supporting a claim.
  • In an 81-participant user study, the Provenance Density interface improved truth/fabrication discernment by 4.15 points (d=1.82).
  • A 200-sample technical audit found retrieval density insufficient; the Consistency Veto drives most discrimination in dynamic queries.

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