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[Submitted on 19 Aug 2026] Title:ZoAQ: Adaptive Zeroth-Order Querying via Query-Reuse Coupling View a PDF of the paper titled ZoAQ: Adaptive Zeroth-Order Querying via Query-Reuse Coupling, by Yangyang Feng and Yao Shu View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Zeroth-order optimization (ZOO) estimates updates from function evaluations, making perturbation queries a primary cost. Fixed budgets spend the same number of queries at every step, while adaptive controllers may offset their savings by using additional oracle calls to test estimator reliability. We introduce ZoAQ, an adaptive ZOO method built around query reuse. Rather than discarding past evaluations after each step, ZoAQ makes them useful for both the next update and the decision to query further. This enables adaptive query allocation without extra validation queries. Our analysis characterizes when this agreement identifies an update that supports descent and guides the controller to a sufficient query budget. On synthetic objectives, ZoAQ reduces queries by 43-48% relative to fixed baselines using 1.2M queries. In black-box attacks, it reaches 100% success with 320 and 625 average queries on MNIST and CIFAR-10, respectively. Across four OPT fine-tuning settings, ZoAQ saves 43-46% forward evaluations relative to fixed K=4, with accuracy changes within tasks ranging from -0.018 to +0.010. Comments: 40 pages, 13 figures, and 19 tables Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2609.22115 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2609.22115v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.22115 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Yangyang Feng [view email] [v1] Wed, 19 Aug 2026 08:58:46 UTC (1,556 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled ZoAQ: Adaptive Zeroth-Order Querying via Query-Reuse Coupling, by Yangyang Feng and Yao Shu View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)