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[Submitted on 29 Sep 2026] Title:Which Models Work Well Together? Measuring Heterogeneity for LLM Team Selection View a PDF of the paper titled Which Models Work Well Together? Measuring Heterogeneity for LLM Team Selection, by Liangyu Teng and 6 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:The performance ceiling of an LLM team is constrained not only by individual model capabilities, but also by inter-member error resonance and predictive differences. Although heterogeneous teaming is often observed to be effective in practice, existing approaches lack complementarity metrics that are computable, interpretable, and optimizable, leaving team composition to rely on heuristics. We propose a heterogeneity-driven team selection framework that performs offline profiling to characterize individual capability along with two complementary signals: one captures decorrelation in error patterns to reduce co-failures, while the other measures divergence in predictive behavior to capture strategy diversity. We formulate team selection as a standardized quality--complementarity combinatorial objective and apply an efficient greedy search to select a small team from a candidate pool. Experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our framework consistently outperforms quality-only baselines under controlled candidate pools and team sizes, establishing reusable selection principles for multi-LLM systems. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) Cite as: arXiv:2609.38274 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2609.38274v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.38274 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Liangyu Teng [view email] [v1] Tue, 29 Sep 2026 15:30:53 UTC (741 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Which Models Work Well Together? Measuring Heterogeneity for LLM Team Selection, by Liangyu Teng and 6 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.LG cs.MA References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)