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[Submitted on 15 Sep 2026] Title:What Do We Expect from LLMs? Mapping the Design of LLM Benchmarks View a PDF of the paper titled What Do We Expect from LLMs? Mapping the Design of LLM Benchmarks, by Chao Wang (Independent Researcher) View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Benchmarks are central to how progress in large language models (LLMs) is assessed and communicated. Yet model rankings alone reveal little about how evaluation requirements themselves are changing. The expanding variety of benchmarks offers another perspective: what researchers expect LLMs to do, and what they count as successful performance. We systematically map 14,767 papers introducing or updating evaluation resources from arXiv submissions between January 2022 and August 2026. Using staged screening and automated full-text coding, we examine changes in target systems and domains, evaluation materials and conditions, and scoring mechanisms. The collection shows growing emphasis on action, interaction, and professional applications, while established and newer design elements frequently coexist. Model participation also develops unevenly: LLM-based scoring grows within both agent and non-agent groups, whereas model-generated materials show no comparable sustained increase in recent cohorts. These findings illuminate how public research translates capability expectations into concrete tests and criteria for success. As AI participates in constructing tests, performing tasks, and judging responses, they also raise a question: does expanding evaluation provide more independent evidence, or risk reproducing the preferences and blind spots of its participating models? Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables. Data and code: this https URL Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2609.19182 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2609.19182v1 [cs.AI] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.19182 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Chao Wang [view email] [v1] Tue, 15 Sep 2026 13:43:16 UTC (520 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled What Do We Expect from LLMs? Mapping the Design of LLM Benchmarks, by Chao Wang (Independent Researcher) View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.AI new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.CL References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)