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[Submitted on 15 Sep 2026] Title:Stable and Faithful Explanations for Knowledge Tracing View a PDF of the paper titled Stable and Faithful Explanations for Knowledge Tracing, by Praveena Padi and 3 other authors View PDF Abstract:Knowledge tracing (KT) models predict student performance opaquely, limiting pedagogical action. This study contributes a validation protocol testing predictive competitiveness (RQ1), explanation stability (RQ2) and retraining-based faithfulness (RQ3) together. Thirteen behavioral features across five pedagogical themes were engineered from ASSISTments 2009 and 2012, with history features computed from temporally preceding interactions and current response latency retained only for retrospective analysis. ASSISTments 2009 was rebuilt: the uncorrected skill-builder release duplicates each multi-skill interaction across one row per skill, and because those rows share one correctness label, they leak it into preceding-interaction features. Rebuilding lowered model AUC and reordered the explanation results. An Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model explained with Tree SHapley Additive exPlanations (TreeSHAP) was compared against four deep baselines (DKT, SAKT, AKT and SimpleKT) under an information-matched protocol giving the deep models the same behavioral signals and restricting XGBoost to what is derivable from the identifier-and-correctness stream they consume. XGBoost reached an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.777 on 2012 and 0.786 on rebuilt 2009, with prediction-time AUCs of 0.771 and 0.775, respectively, after excluding current response latency; restricted to the baselines' information it performed as they did (0.697 against 0.700, and 0.717 against 0.720), locating the difference in information supplied, not model family. Rankings were consistent across folds, seeds and conditioning schemes (Spearman rho = 0.989-1.000), and removing top-ranked TreeSHAP features harmed AUC more than random removal, though split-gain and permutation rankings performed comparably. Student-level examples are illustrative interpretations, not validated recommendations. Comments: 41 pages, 8 figures, 14 tables. Code is available at this https URL Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2609.28502 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2609.28502v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.28502 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Pradeep Kumar Dolabehera Kakitapelli [view email] [v1] Tue, 15 Sep 2026 00:40:09 UTC (1,920 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Stable and Faithful Explanations for Knowledge Tracing, by Praveena Padi and 3 other authors View PDF view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)