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[Submitted on 22 Sep 2026] Title:Same evidence, different judgments: Evidence noncommutative in vision/speech-text conflicts View a PDF of the paper titled Same evidence, different judgments: Evidence noncommutative in vision/speech-text conflicts, by Zhuoyun Li and 3 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:For multimodal large language models, when images or speech conflict with accompanying text, measured text reliance can entangle modality preference with evidence position. Earlier studies of text bias often used a fixed evidence order or moved task instructions with the evidence, leaving the contribution of order unclear. In this paper, we use a paired comparison that keeps the instructions and evidence content fixed and swaps only the positions of the two sources to quantify this potential influence. Across vision and speech models, placing an image or recording after conflicting text consistently shifts answers toward its content. We also revisit previous studies and analyze why their experimental settings can lead to misleading conclusions. These findings reveal cross-modal evidence noncommutativity: the same evidence can lead to different judgments when its order changes, and placing perceptual evidence later can increase the model's reliance on its content. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2609.26986 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2609.26986v1 [cs.AI] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.26986 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Zhuoyun Li [view email] [v1] Tue, 22 Sep 2026 19:25:15 UTC (2,269 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Same evidence, different judgments: Evidence noncommutative in vision/speech-text conflicts, by Zhuoyun Li and 3 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.AI new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)