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“Staggering.” “Overwhelming.” “Unprecedented.” “Surreal.” “Pure insanity.” Those were among the descriptions more than three dozen mathematicians reached for in conversations with The Verge as they tried to make sense of the flood of mathematical results OpenAI abruptly dropped on the field this week. Amid the awe, excitement, and uncertainty over the sheer scale of the deluge was a deep-seated anxiety over what it all means — and what comes next. For all their different reactions, researchers agreed that simply understanding what OpenAI had released could take years, let alone figuring out where the mathematicians themselves fit in the field now changing around them. Many feared OpenAI would not wait that long before moving on — or releasing even more. In all, OpenAI released nearly 400 AI-generated results. These were spread across more than 700 manuscripts and covered a diverse array of mathematical disciplines, including combinatorics, several branches of geometry, number theory, theoretical computer science, algebra, topology, probability and statistical mechanics, and mathematical physics. The collection is so vast that OpenAI felt the need to publish guidance on how to navigate the sprawling GitHub repository. The sheer volume of work makes even a preliminary assessment as to exactly what the company has released difficult. In the hours and days following the drop, most mathematicians The Verge spoke with said they were still struggling to digest everything; several said that simply working through the roughly 40-page table of contents and abstracts took them the better part of an hour. “Just going over the entire list of abstracts is overwhelming,” said Álvaro Lozano-Robledo, a professor of mathematics at the University of Connecticut. Sprinkled among the hundreds of manuscripts are formalizations in Lean, a programming language and proof assistant that allows results to be verified computationally. These formalizations have proven instrumental in assessing some of OpenAI’s previous mathematical claims, giving researchers confidence that a claim is logically correct even if they don’t fully understand the argument behind it. But the degree to which each result had been verified varied wildly. On GitHub, OpenAI acknowledged that the results are “at different stages of verification” and that “many, but not all, of the manuscripts have been formalized.” As of writing, fewer than half the manuscripts in the collection appear to have been described formally. OpenAI said only 300 top-line results out of 719 manuscripts had been formalized, around 42 percent, and that it “will update the repository with more formalizations as we obtain them.” Several mathematicians complained to The Verge about the lack of formalization, particularly given the sheer number of results, and stressed that even when Lean code accompanies a result, evaluation isn’t instantaneous. Researchers must check that the formalization actually proves what the result claims, another time-consuming process, and several digging through the papers said that even where computer-verifiable proofs had been provided, the quality was inconsistent and the statements they verified did not always appear to map neatly onto the claims in accompanying manuscripts. Kevin Buzzard, a mathematics professor at Imperial College London, said he had identified numerous theorems in his area of work — algebraic number theory — of which only around six immediately “stood out.” Few, if any, of those appeared to be formally verified in Lean. “Hence, I either have to read possibly-not-correct slop, or wait for others to do the same, or wait for someone to formalise them before I can say for sure that the results are even correct.” Buzzard’s concerns were echoed by numerous other researchers. Buzzard was far from alone in worrying about AI “slop.” The term is a shorthand for low-quality, frequently erroneous AI-generated material that increasingly crops up online — and in the real world — including academic papers. As in other fields, mathematicians told The Verge they have seen a huge uptick in such material produced with tools like ChatGPT and Claude in recent years. Much of it is confusing, hard to read, and demonstrates little understanding of the subject; it is especially shoddy when it comes to crediting other researchers. OpenAI’s previous mathematical write-ups were widely criticized by experts for their sloppy nature, particularly their poor or nonexistent attribution. In conversations with The Verge ahead of the release, several researchers had taken to calling the impending flood of papers the “slopocalypse,” or similar variations on the theme. Whether the feared “slopocalypse” actually materialized is difficult to say, largely due to the bewildering volume of material released. Early indications suggest OpenAI took more care with papers this time around, or at least with some of them. Several mathematicians told The Verge that their first impressions were far better than they had expected, though by their own admission that was hardly a high bar given the company’s previous shoddy publications. But better does not necessarily mean good, let alone up to the standards usually expected of academic work making claims of this magnitude. With formal verification absent for many of OpenAI’s claims, the quality of the accompanying papers becomes particularly important; they are the primary means by which mathematicians can confirm, understand, scrutinize, and contextualize the results. Producing rigorous mathematical papers is difficult work under even the best of circumstances. Doing so at this kind of scale is a formidable undertaking. OpenAI’s models are pumping out mathematics at a dizzying speed and across a broad range of specialities, far outstripping the capacity of its human staff. The company simply does not have the breadth of expertise or resources to properly scrutinize its findings at the cutting edge of mathematics. Researchers told The Verge that it shows. Many described papers that were difficult, sometimes practically impossible, to follow. “The write-up of the problem I know best made little sense after a quick read,” Brendan Hassett, a mathematics professor at Brown, told The Verge. “If this had been written by a person, I wouldn’t spend any more time trying to understand it. Of course, this leaves 721 other preprints!” (Hassett said this before OpenAI retracted three papers). Some researchers told The Verge several papers they or their colleagues had noticed appeared to cover ground already trod by other mathematicians, though were wary of saying so publicly before they had a chance to properly review the material. Others pointed to the unusual brevity of the work, with results they would ordinarily expect to be developed over hundreds of pages compressed into a few dozen or less. Nalini Joshi, a mathematics professor at the University of Sydney in Australia, said a quick search through the release revealed little that overlapped with her own work, but noted that some of the papers she examined “have short bibliographies.” Given previous criticism of OpenAI’s crediting practices, she said she is “wary that attribution in the papers may be lacking the complete story.” But for all the slop and uncertainty, the overarching consensus is that the release contains some genuinely impressive work. While stressing the difficulties assessing the volume of material — and the need to properly verify the results — numerous researchers The Verge spoke to said the work appeared to be of a very high caliber, despite shortcomings in its presentation. In a pre-AI world, they said, many of OpenAI’s results would clearly have warranted publication in top-tier journals and could have been enough to secure an academic career for their authors. A handful were described as being the kind of work that could make a mathematician a serious contender for a Fields Medal, one of the discipline’s highest honors. Stanford mathematician Jared Duker Lichtman said there were “tens” of results he would put in this category, including progress toward the Riemann hypothesis, a special case of the Hodge conjecture, and a solution to the four-dimensional Kakeya conjecture. These are major problems in mathematics. Riemann — arguably the most notorious unsolved problem in the entire discipline — and Hodge are both among the seven famed Millennium Prize problems. Respectively, they are concerned with the distribution of prime numbers and, very roughly, how complex geometric shapes can be understood in terms of simpler building blocks. Kakeya, meanwhile, roughly asks how little space is needed to rotate a needle or pencil in every direction. A proof to the three-dimensional version of Kakeya was among the achievements NYU mathematician Hong Wang was awarded a Fields Medal for earlier this year. “It’s not the case that these are just silly problems that no one’s ever heard of,” mathematician Scott Armstrong said. “Many of them are like very well-known problems that many people have tried for decades.” As the dust began to settle, mathematicians were left confronting a landscape that had abruptly changed around them. Many of them had just watched years of work and carefully laid research plans evaporate in an instant, or knew colleagues who had. Across the field, whether reactions were laced with excitement, dread, despair, or something in between, there was a profound sense of disorientation. By the following morning, that mood had not altered much. Speaking by phone as he walked through Paris, Armstrong imagined that, had the Sorbonne not been closed amid ongoing student protests and his colleagues were gathered around their usual coffee machine, the atmosphere would have been rather “solemn.” In Scotland, Colva Roney-Dougal, a professor of mathematics at St Andrews University, described a similarly bleak atmosphere among colleagues and students. The deluge felt somewhat “horrific,” she said, but its arrival brought some relief after weeks of uncertainty. “I have a bunch of friends and colleagues whose grant proposals have just been wiped out,” she said. Armstrong said he knew of one group whose entire research program was practically “wiped out” by the release. Tristan Buckmaster, an NYU mathematician who was at the center of OpenAI’s earlier dispute over the Navier-Stokes problem, meanwhile, said he had already heard of “three people who had entire research programs obliterated.” Similar stories surfaced repeatedly in The Verge’s conversations with mathematicians, though the disruption was concentrated heavily in some areas of the field. Francesco Fournier-Facio, a professor of mathematics at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland, said researchers in probability, combinatorics, and theoretical computer science appeared “particularly in shock,” adding that some regions of his field, group theory, had been “bulldozed.” Armstrong and other researchers said some areas appeared to have been aimed at with almost military precision. “There were definitely some targets,” said Armstrong. He singled out work in the area Wang received the Fields Medal for this year, as well as several Millennium Prize problems. A cluster of results in mathematical physics, he said, makes it clear OpenAI is pursuing Yang-Mills theory — the mathematical framework underpinning much of modern particle physics — and its unresolved “mass gap” problem, one of the seven Prize problems. Elsewhere, researchers expressed a kind of surprised relief at how little their own work appeared to have been touched. Roney-Dougal said her own corner of the field — largely centered on group theory — appeared to have escaped relatively unscathed. She joked that it is fortunate she works in a “very unfashionable area,” though later messaged to say she was feeling “unsure” after finding her work cited in one of the papers. Joshi similarly found little overlap with her w [truncated for AI cost control]