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--> [Submitted on 26 Aug 2026] Title:NeuronFuzz: Safety Neuron Guided Fuzzing for LLM Safety Evaluation View a PDF of the paper titled NeuronFuzz: Safety Neuron Guided Fuzzing for LLM Safety Evaluation, by Zhiyuan Xu and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Safety evaluation is critical for assessing whether aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) remain robust against jailbreak attacks. Existing automated testing methods, however, largely rely on response-level feedback: each candidate prompt typically requires generating a target-model response to evaluate its attack effectiveness. This process is expensive and, more importantly, provides only sparse guidance on strongly aligned models, where most candidates are rejected with the same failure outcome. This paper presents NeuronFuzz, a white-box fuzzing framework that exploits internal safety neurons as continuous execution feedback for LLM safety evaluation. A SafetyOracle converts safety-neuron activations into a continuous safety alarm score that serves as feedback for fuzzing and can be obtained during prefill, eliminating response generation from the fuzzing loop. To construct the SafetyOracle, NeuronFuzz uses template-invariant harmful and benign inputs and stability-aware selection to identify a compact set of safety neurons whose activations capture harmful-intent recognition. Moreover, since the safety alarm score is differentiable, NeuronFuzz uses its gradients to identify safety-sensitive template positions and a masked language model to generate fluent, context-compatible mutations while preserving original harmful payload and avoiding additional optimization variables. We evaluate NeuronFuzz across 21 text and multimodal models. Across five white-box source models, it achieves a 76-100% jailbreak discovery rate, outperforming baselines by up to 48 percentage points. Its optimized templates further transfer zero-shot to open-weight and six proprietary target models, achieving average ASR and top-5 ensemble ASR (EASR) of 69.6%/92.6% and 44.1%/60.0%, respectively. Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Software Engineering (cs.SE) Cite as: arXiv:2608.26222 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2608.26222v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.26222 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Zhiyuan Xu [view email] [v1] Wed, 26 Aug 2026 12:44:32 UTC (374 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled NeuronFuzz: Safety Neuron Guided Fuzzing for LLM Safety Evaluation, by Zhiyuan Xu and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-08 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI cs.CR cs.SE References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)