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[Submitted on 15 Jul 2026] Title:Large Language Models Versus Physicians in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Real-World Clinical Case Evaluation View a PDF of the paper titled Large Language Models Versus Physicians in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Real-World Clinical Case Evaluation, by Jiacheng Xie and 11 other authors View PDF Abstract:Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for clinical applications, yet their assessment for real-world traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practice remains limited We constructed a clinical case library comprising 349 de-identified outpatient cases from 62 hospitals and evaluated 16 LLMs and a comparator cohort of 60 practicing TCM physicians using 60 representative cases selected from this library. Model outputs and physician reports were anonymized and scored by five senior TCM experts across nine diagnostic and therapeutic dimensions. Cutting-edge general-purpose LLMs achieved higher expert scores than the physician comparators, particularly for medical advice, treatment principles and selected diagnostic tasks. However, prescription-level analyses revealed discrepancies in herb selection, dosage, and treatment strategy, and qualitative safety review identified hallucinations and undesirable template-driven outputs. These findings highlight the potential of LLMs for TCM decision support while underscoring the need for physician oversight, safety constraints and prospective clinical evaluation. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY) Cite as: arXiv:2609.17544 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2609.17544v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.17544 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Jiacheng Xie [view email] [v1] Wed, 15 Jul 2026 03:18:48 UTC (6,006 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Large Language Models Versus Physicians in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Real-World Clinical Case Evaluation, by Jiacheng Xie and 11 other authors View PDF view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.CY References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)