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--> [Submitted on 10 Aug 2026] Title:Hate Speech Classification In Roman Urdu: A Comparative Study On Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning And Prompt Engineering View a PDF of the paper titled Hate Speech Classification In Roman Urdu: A Comparative Study On Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning And Prompt Engineering, by Toneema Zubair View PDF Abstract:Due to the widespread accessibility of the internet and social media, toxic and hateful con-tent has grown exponentially, causing significant distress and negative societal impacts. Ro-man Urdu, a low-resource language used in Pakistan and among Urdu-speaking communities worldwide, presents additional challenges because of its informal grammar, inconsistent sen-tence structures, and multiple variations in word spellings. This research aims to identify the most effective techniques for hate speech classification in such low-resource settings with limited data. To address this, the study investigates and compares the latest approaches, in-cluding prompt tuning, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) using LoRA, and prompt en-gineering, under various experimental configurations. To achieve this objective, four exper-iments were designed. The first experiment involved direct inferencing with LLMs without any fine-tuning, to evaluate how well these models understand Roman Urdu in a zero-shot setting, especially given limited data. The second experiment utilized parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) with LoRA, which updates only a small subset of parameters, thereby reducing computational cost. The third experiment explored prompt tuning with both mixed and manually crafted prompts, using very small sets of training examples relative to the entire dataset, making it computationally efficient as well. Finally, the fourth experiment applied prompt engineering through zero-shot and few-shot learning, relying solely on care-fully designed instruction prompts for classification without further training. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2608.21408 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2608.21408v1 [cs.AI] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.21408 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Toneema Zubair [view email] [v1] Mon, 10 Aug 2026 13:56:48 UTC (2,102 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Hate Speech Classification In Roman Urdu: A Comparative Study On Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning And Prompt Engineering, by Toneema Zubair View PDF view license Current browse context: cs.AI new | recent | 2026-08 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)