AI 服务暂时不可用，以下为来源正文，待恢复后补全翻译。
[Submitted on 7 Oct 2026] Title:Grammar Concept Annotation at Scale: Deployed Fine-Tuned Small Language Models Outperform Prompted Frontier Models View a PDF of the paper titled Grammar Concept Annotation at Scale: Deployed Fine-Tuned Small Language Models Outperform Prompted Frontier Models, by Marjan Celikik and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Corrective feedback is among the best-evidenced drivers of second-language acquisition, yet corrections delivered during lessons rarely accumulate into an actionable view of grammar mastery. Prompted frontier models can provide such a view from learner--tutor lesson transcripts, but they are costly at scale. We close this gap by fine-tuning Qwen3.5 small language models (SLMs) on filtered and rebalanced teacher-generated supervision, then deploying an efficient 0.8B model in an end-to-end grammar mastery tracker for all English learners on our platform. Internalizing the annotation contract into adapter weights enables pairing the 0.8B model with a compact matched prompt rather than verbose instructions. On two human-curated benchmarks, both the deployed 0.8B model and a 4B reference comparator outperform prompted GPT-5.4 and GPT-5.6 Sol in precision and recall under nested matching criteria of increasing strictness: concept, evidence span, and correctness. The deployed 0.8B SLM reduces serving cost by approximately 16$\times$. A feature-level online experiment shows significant gains in learner engagement ($+15.8\%$) and key business metrics, including scheduled hours ($+2.1\%$) and GMV from new lessons ($+13.2\%$). Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ACM classes: I.2.7; I.2.6; K.3.1 Cite as: arXiv:2610.10827 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.10827v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.10827 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Marjan Celikik [view email] [v1] Wed, 7 Oct 2026 19:31:24 UTC (144 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Grammar Concept Annotation at Scale: Deployed Fine-Tuned Small Language Models Outperform Prompted Frontier Models, by Marjan Celikik and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)