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[Submitted on 13 Oct 2026] Title:From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learning View a PDF of the paper titled From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learning, by Minglai Yang and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:In-context learning (ICL) allows language models to adapt their behavior from instructions and demonstrations in a prompt, but accuracy alone does not reveal how contextual information controls their predictions. We study the acquisition and trainability of ICL with a controlled diagnostic that separates copying a nearby demonstration from integrating information across the prompt. Across 17 models, about a third prefer the copied answer, a few are undecided, and the rest prefer the rule-consistent answer, which goes with higher accuracy and with control by the requested value rather than the closest conflicting example. Checkpoint analyses show that models begin prioritizing task-relevant prompt tokens over conflicting examples long before their accuracy improves beyond chance level. In matched training experiments, synthetic documents that define endings and then query them shift models toward compositional responses on the controlled diagnostic, whereas fine-tuning on definition exercises built from rewritten real documents improves accuracy when prompts reassign label meanings. The results suggest that ICL is not acquired as a single, uniform capability. Instead, prompt control, answer preference, construction without candidates, and transfer can develop along distinct trajectories. Comments: 29 pages, 17 figures, 8 tables Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2610.19113 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.19113v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.19113 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Minglai Yang [view email] [v1] Tue, 13 Oct 2026 19:49:33 UTC (859 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learning, by Minglai Yang and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI cs.LG References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)