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--> [Submitted on 27 Jul 2026] Title:Evolving Safety Landscape of Multi-modal Large Language Models: A Survey of Emerging Threats and Safeguards View a PDF of the paper titled Evolving Safety Landscape of Multi-modal Large Language Models: A Survey of Emerging Threats and Safeguards, by Xi Li and 8 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) integrate heterogeneous modalities through modality alignment and fusion, enabling stronger understanding and reasoning. However, this architectural shift reshapes the safety landscape of machine learning. Increased model complexity and cross-modal interactions give rise to novel threats, including compromised modality integration, modality misalignment, and fused safety risks, reflecting shifts in threat modeling beyond uni-modal assumptions. These shifts, in turn, impose new constraints on safety solutions not captured by existing frameworks rooted in uni-modal learning. Motivated by these challenges, this survey provides a systematic analysis of the evolving safety landscape of MLLMs. We first propose a multimodal grounded taxonomy of safety threats and analyze shifts in threat models, covering adversarial attacks, data poisoning, jailbreaks, and hallucinations. We then summarize updated safety assumptions and organize recent advances in MLLM safety strategies accordingly. Finally, we discuss open challenges and future directions to inform the development of more principled and scalable safety mechanisms for multimodal systems. Comments: Accepted at the ICLR 2026 Workshop on Principled Design for Trustworthy AI Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY) Cite as: arXiv:2608.07535 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2608.07535v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.07535 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Xi Li [view email] [v1] Mon, 27 Jul 2026 20:18:25 UTC (355 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Evolving Safety Landscape of Multi-modal Large Language Models: A Survey of Emerging Threats and Safeguards, by Xi Li and 8 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-08 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI cs.CY References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)