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[Submitted on 21 Oct 2026] Title:Consistency Is Not Validity: Self-Rewarded Moral Argumentation Makes Language Models Decisive but Pliable View a PDF of the paper titled Consistency Is Not Validity: Self-Rewarded Moral Argumentation Makes Language Models Decisive but Pliable, by Marius De Kuthy Meurers and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:LLMs are increasingly consulted for moral judgment. We aim to improve performance on such tasks by rewarding good arguments, on the premise that arguing well increases the likelihood of judging well. We train a reinforcement learning policy initialized from a state-of-the-art language model in a self-judged tournament with masked thinking: the generated arguments are judged pairwise on argument quality by the policy itself. As an empirical basis, we extract authentic dilemmas from classic novels, using a logic solver to verify that each constitutes a conflict. We show that our judge rates argument quality like human annotators, and the policy then adopts the language register that it rewards. Testing on the external benchmarks MoralChoice, ELEPHANT, and MORABLES, we find that the policy becomes more decisive and invariant to the order in which options are presented, but sycophancy and reframing remain a challenge to validity. Two ablation studies with synthetic dilemmas and unmasked thinking match the reordering gains, but show a weaker register shift and higher sycophancy. We conclude that consistency is not validity: consistency under reordering can be optimized without improving the moral judgment it is meant to signal. Comments: 20 pages, 10 figures, 9 tables Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG) ACM classes: I.2.7 Cite as: arXiv:2610.30349 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.30349v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.30349 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Marius De Kuthy Meurers [view email] [v1] Wed, 21 Oct 2026 19:08:39 UTC (115 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Consistency Is Not Validity: Self-Rewarded Moral Argumentation Makes Language Models Decisive but Pliable, by Marius De Kuthy Meurers and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI cs.LG References & Citations SciX Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)