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[Submitted on 30 Sep 2026] Title:Component and Dimension Sparsity in Transformer Refusal Mechanisms View a PDF of the paper titled Component and Dimension Sparsity in Transformer Refusal Mechanisms, by Vincent Siu and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Activation steering manipulates large language model behavior by intervening on internal activations, but the mechanistic basis of these interventions remains poorly understood. We decompose refusal steering into component-level interventions across four open-weight models, identifying the sparse subsets of attention and MLP components whose steering suffices to reproduce the full behavioral effect. We find that refusal directions concentrate in sparse component mechanisms comprising 28--48\% of upstream components, retaining 88--101\% of steering effectiveness. Within these mechanisms, effective steering further concentrates in approximately 50\% of residual stream dimensions, retaining 85--98\% of the component-mechanism baseline, consistent with a privileged basis structure. Sparsity thus operates at two levels: which components are steered, and which dimensions within those components carry the signal. Together these findings show that refusal is not diffusely encoded across a transformer but assembled by a structured, identifiable mechanism, providing a foundation for mechanistic understanding of how refusal behaviors are represented and steered. To facilitate reproducibility, we release all code and raw experimental results in this https URL. Comments: Accepted to COLM 2026 Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2610.06903 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.06903v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.06903 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Vincent Siu [view email] [v1] Wed, 30 Sep 2026 23:32:40 UTC (5,599 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Component and Dimension Sparsity in Transformer Refusal Mechanisms, by Vincent Siu and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI cs.LG References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)