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[Submitted on 7 Oct 2026] Title:Cognitive Thermometers: Machine Learning and Logical Complexity View a PDF of the paper titled Cognitive Thermometers: Machine Learning and Logical Complexity, by Shane Steinert-Threlkeld and Jakub Szymanik View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:How does the human mind represent semantic categories? Why do natural languages favor certain meanings over others? Prior explanations have relied on logical definability and complexity, but these are highly sensitive to the choice of logical language, rendering some design choices unmotivated. In this article, we propose that machine learning provides a somewhat more agnostic approach to measuring semantic complexity. We review emerging evidence that logic and machine learning often yield converging results on relative complexity and its resulting effects in semantic typology. Where they diverge, learning appears to be a better explanation than logical complexity. We argue that treating machine learning models as ``cognitive thermometers'' enables a unified approach to complexity that bridges symbolic logic and connectionist AI. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2610.10724 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2610.10724v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.10724 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Jakub Szymanik [view email] [v1] Wed, 7 Oct 2026 18:04:45 UTC (3,052 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Cognitive Thermometers: Machine Learning and Logical Complexity, by Shane Steinert-Threlkeld and Jakub Szymanik View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)