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A newly developed artificial intelligence platform is uncovering previously unseen microscopic patterns within breast cancer tumours, allowing medical professionals to better forecast the progression of the condition. The innovation could additionally lead to more tailored therapies for patients. Centrosomes — small cellular structures that ensure DNA is divided equally during cell replication — have been considered a "hallmark of cancer" for over a century, according to researchers at the University of Southampton. However, examining these components in tumour samples has proven "extremely challenging" owing to their minute scale and fluid nature. In cancerous tissue, centrosomes replicate excessively, pushing the advancement of the disease. The AI platform, known as CenSegNet, was developed to analyse hundreds of thousands of cells in tumour samples. The innovation could lead to more personalised treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the condition (smolaw11 - stock.adobe.com) The study, published in Nature Communications, included tissue from 127 breast cancer patients being treated at University Hospital Southampton. Researchers analysed more than 330,000 centrosomes, with CenSegNet uncovering two distinct abnormalities which had previously been considered as part of the same process. One involved cells acquiring too many centrosomes while the other had abnormally enlarged centrosomes. Researchers found these defects behaved independently and can occupy different areas of a tumour. Dr Salah Elias, of the University of Southampton’s school of biological sciences and institute for life sciences, said: “For more than a century, centrosome abnormalities have been recognised as a hallmark of cancer, but studying them in patient tissues has been extremely challenging. “CenSegNet allows us to analyse these defects at single-cell resolution across entire tumours and uncover patterns that were previously impossible to see. “Rather than viewing centrosome abnormalities as a single phenomenon, our study shows that they have distinct biological states with different spatial distributions and clinical associations.” The platform also helped uncover a link between different centrosomes and features of cancer. Tumours with high levels of enlarged centrosomes were more aggressive, and patients whose cells had lower levels had a better chance of survival. Dr Elias said: “Specific combinations of defects may influence how a tumour grows, invades surrounding tissues and responds to treatment. “This opens the door to developing new biomarkers and, ultimately, more personalised treatment strategies.” Researchers are hopeful AI could one day be used to track disease by analysing the behaviour of cell structures. The team is also planning to combine CenSegNet with more data to explore if it can help guide treatment decisions.