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[Submitted on 17 Sep 2026] Title:Bio-MF: Low-Latency and High-Fidelity EEG-to-fNIRS Cross-Modal Generation for Hybrid Motor-Imagery Brain--Computer Interfaces View a PDF of the paper titled Bio-MF: Low-Latency and High-Fidelity EEG-to-fNIRS Cross-Modal Generation for Hybrid Motor-Imagery Brain--Computer Interfaces, by Boyuan Zhao and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Hybrid motor-imagery brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) combining EEG and fNIRS can outperform EEG-only systems by exploiting complementary electrophysiological and hemodynamic information. To obtain such hybrid information when paired EEG-fNIRS acquisition is unavailable or inconvenient, recent studies have focused on EEG-to-fNIRS cross-modal generation. However, existing methods still suffer from slow generation and often require pretraining, limiting their use in real-time MI-BCI scenarios. Although one-step generative models offer an attractive route to low-latency synthesis, removing the iterative refinement process can reduce generation fidelity and introduce non-physiological artifacts. To address these problems, this paper proposes Bio-MF, a latent-free one-step MeanFlow framework for EEG-conditioned fNIRS generation. Bio-MF performs direct signal-space x-prediction, converts this signal-space output into MeanFlow velocity supervision, and completes inference with one network evaluation. To preserve task-relevant hemodynamic structure under heterogeneous sensor layouts, Bio-MF integrates Spatial-Temporal Interactive 4D Encoding, cross-modal classifier-free guidance, and noise-level-gated FFT regularization. On Dataset 1, EEG + synthetic fNIRS improves ACC over EEG-only by 3.37 and 4.15 percentage points for HbR and HbO, respectively. On Dataset 2, the corresponding gains remain 2.98 and 2.50 percentage points under the unseen 64-channel EEG montage. On an RTX PRO 6000 GPU, Bio-MF generates one fNIRS trial in 7.0 ms, corresponding to an 857x speedup over the 1000-step SCDM latency. These results show that Bio-MF enables fast EEG-to-fNIRS synthesis while preserving task-relevant generation quality for downstream hybrid MI decoding. Our code is available at this https URL. Comments: 10pages Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2609.20904 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2609.20904v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.20904 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Boyuan Zhao [view email] [v1] Thu, 17 Sep 2026 14:52:42 UTC (4,714 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Bio-MF: Low-Latency and High-Fidelity EEG-to-fNIRS Cross-Modal Generation for Hybrid Motor-Imagery Brain--Computer Interfaces, by Boyuan Zhao and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)