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[Submitted on 8 Oct 2026] Title:Beyond Binary Verifiable Rewards: Behavioral Self-Rewarding for SWE Agents View a PDF of the paper titled Beyond Binary Verifiable Rewards: Behavioral Self-Rewarding for SWE Agents, by Yiran Wu and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) provides reliable supervision for software engineering agents through executable tests, but binary rewards fail to distinguish trajectories with substantially different debugging quality. We investigate whether the current policy can judge its own trajectories and use these judgments to improve task performance without a separately trained reward model. To this end, we introduce Behavioral Self-Rewarding (BSR), a reward-refinement method that reuses the policy to compare observable debugging behavior among trajectories from the same task with the same verifier outcome. BSR aggregates pairwise preferences into task-local scores and converts them into bounded auxiliary rewards, introducing reward contrast while preserving the verifier-defined pass/fail ordering. This provides additional supervision from already-collected trajectories without requiring new environment interactions. Experiments on SWE-bench Verified and SWE-bench-Live show consistent improvements across the evaluated Qwen3-14B and Qwen3-32B configurations, supporting using the policy's own comparative judgments as a complementary learning signal for training software engineering agents. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Software Engineering (cs.SE) Cite as: arXiv:2610.12598 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2610.12598v1 [cs.AI] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.12598 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Yiran Wu [view email] [v1] Thu, 8 Oct 2026 18:21:10 UTC (591 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Beyond Binary Verifiable Rewards: Behavioral Self-Rewarding for SWE Agents, by Yiran Wu and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Additional Features Audio Summary Current browse context: cs.AI new | recent | 2026-10 Change to browse by: cs cs.SE References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)