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[Submitted on 9 Sep 2026] Title:Analyzing Traditional and Neural Approaches to Multilingual Readability Assessment View a PDF of the paper titled Analyzing Traditional and Neural Approaches to Multilingual Readability Assessment, by Joshua Wong and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Transformer-based models excel at Automatic Readability Assessment (ARA), yet feature-based models remain in active use because their predictions tie back to linguistic properties. This matters because readability labels are subjective and rater-dependent, so high accuracy on noisy ground truth may reflect surface patterns rather than the linguistic structure that defines difficulty. We test whether transformers internalize the same features as traditional models across Arabic, English, French, Hindi, and Russian using the ReadMe++ dataset. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) identify the features driving traditional classifiers, which we then use as TCAV concept sets to probe multilingual XLM-R and language-specific encoders. Transformers recover surface-length, syntactic, and lexical-diversity signals, and reflect the ordinal CEFR structure of the traditional models. Alignment varies by model family, language, and layer, with language-specific encoders tracking traditional models more clearly than XLM-R. High linear separability does not always imply directional influence, limiting linear probing for count-based readability features. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2609.10792 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2609.10792v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.10792 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Joshua Wong [view email] [v1] Wed, 9 Sep 2026 19:56:09 UTC (4,677 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Analyzing Traditional and Neural Approaches to Multilingual Readability Assessment, by Joshua Wong and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)