AI 服务暂时不可用，以下为来源正文，待恢复后补全翻译。
[Submitted on 23 Sep 2026] Title:An Explainable DistilBERT-BiLSTM-Attention Framework for Binary and Multi-Class Hate Speech Detection View a PDF of the paper titled An Explainable DistilBERT-BiLSTM-Attention Framework for Binary and Multi-Class Hate Speech Detection, by Rameesha Zia and Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik View PDF Abstract:Hate speech on social media poses serious risks to social harmony, mental well-being, and public safety, making its timely and accurate detection essential for content moderation systems. Most existing studies focus on binary classification, evaluated their frameworks on a single dataset, and provide limited insight into how decisions are made, which limits their real-world applicability. In addition, limited work is done on the explainability of their predictive inference. To address these challenges, this study proposes a multilevel and explainable hate speech detection framework. The proposed model integrates DistilBERT (Distilled Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) embeddings with a Bi-LSTM (Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory) model, and an attention mechanism to capture both contextual meaning and sequential dependencies in text. To enhance trust and transparency, LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) is employed to explain model predictions by highlighting influential textual features. The framework is evaluated on two benchmark datasets using both binary and multi-class classification to examine robustness and generalization. In addition, an ablation study is presented to highlight the significance of various components of proposed framework. For binary classification, the proposed model achieves F1-scores of 96.78% on the Davidson dataset and 99.53% on the SMHS dataset. In the multi-class setting, it attains F1-scores of 97.00% and 94.99% on the Davidson and SMHS datasets, respectively, outperforming existing baseline approaches. The results demonstrate that multilevel evaluation improves the reliability that the proposed framework effectively balances performance and efficiency. This makes the framework suitable for practical hate speech moderation systems that require accurate, generalizable, and explainable decisions. Comments: 20 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2609.28703 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2609.28703v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.28703 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik Dr. [view email] [v1] Wed, 23 Sep 2026 18:39:07 UTC (808 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled An Explainable DistilBERT-BiLSTM-Attention Framework for Binary and Multi-Class Hate Speech Detection, by Rameesha Zia and Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik View PDF view license Current browse context: cs.CL new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)