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[Submitted on 28 Sep 2026] Title:A Two-Echelon Covering Tour Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones for Post-Disaster Relief View a PDF of the paper titled A Two-Echelon Covering Tour Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones for Post-Disaster Relief, by Dang Viet Anh Nguyen and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:We introduce the two-echelon covering tour vehicle routing problem (2E-CTVRP) for the distribution of relief supplies after a disaster. In the first echelon, a fleet of trucks transports supplies and drones from a central depot to satellites at the periphery of the affected area. In the second echelon, drones launched in parallel from the satellites deliver the supplies to the centroids of victim clusters, which are obtained by clustering the victim locations, and each truck waits at a satellite until its drones have returned. The problem combines the assignment of satellites to trucks, the sequencing of the truck routes, and the assignment of clusters to satellites, and minimizes the sum of the arrival times of the trucks at the satellites and at the depot. We formulate the 2E-CTVRP as a mixed integer linear program and propose a hybrid metaheuristic, GRASP-ILS-PR, which combines greedy randomized construction, a single-trajectory search, and periodic path relinking on the assignment of clusters to satellites. On a new benchmark set of 110 instances, GRASP-ILS-PR finds all known optimal solutions within 30 seconds, matches or improves on the one-hour solutions of a commercial solver on most larger instances, and improves on them by up to 11% for instances with 50 satellites. It clearly outperforms a conventional GRASP with evolutionary path relinking and yields more consistent results than a simulated annealing algorithm that uses the same search components. An analysis of two fleet configurations shows that few large trucks minimize the cumulative arrival time in most instances, whereas many small trucks deliver supplies to the victims earlier and more equitably in every instance. Subjects: Robotics (cs.RO) Cite as: arXiv:2609.38227 [cs.RO] (or arXiv:2609.38227v1 [cs.RO] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.38227 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Dang Viet Anh Nguyen [view email] [v1] Mon, 28 Sep 2026 10:27:45 UTC (3,494 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled A Two-Echelon Covering Tour Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones for Post-Disaster Relief, by Dang Viet Anh Nguyen and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.RO new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)