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[Submitted on 18 Sep 2026] Title:A Moving-Horizon Approximate Branch-and-Reduce Method for Deep Classification Trees View a PDF of the paper titled A Moving-Horizon Approximate Branch-and-Reduce Method for Deep Classification Trees, by Chenxuanyin Zou and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Despite the importance for interpretability, decision trees face severe scalability challenges. Existing global optimal methods are often limited by binary feature selection and shallow tree depths, whereas traditional heuristic approaches frequently sacrifice predictive accuracy. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a moving-horizon approximate branch-and-reduce method to train near-optimal deep classification trees on large-scale datasets with continuous features. Built on a hierarchical root-subtree optimization framework, the method solves the root-level problem via branch-and-reduce while approximating the induced subtree problem using greedy heuristics. Although the underlying framework is capable of guaranteeing global optimality, the approximation, which functions as a lookahead rollout in a reinforcement learning context, significantly boosts efficiency for deeper structures. A low-cost moving-horizon strategy is then employed to iteratively refine model accuracy. Extensive numerical results demonstrate that our method exceeds the testing accuracy of existing heuristic baselines while offering significantly greater scalability, in terms of both dataset size and tree depth, than global optimal solvers. Comments: J2C Certification Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Optimization and Control (math.OC) Cite as: arXiv:2609.38194 [cs.LG] (or arXiv:2609.38194v1 [cs.LG] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.38194 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Journal reference: Transactions on Machine Learning Research, August 2026 Submission history From: Chenxuanyin Zou [view email] [v1] Fri, 18 Sep 2026 05:50:36 UTC (763 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled A Moving-Horizon Approximate Branch-and-Reduce Method for Deep Classification Trees, by Chenxuanyin Zou and 5 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.LG new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI math math.OC References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Loading... Data provided by: Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender (What is IArxiv?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)